diff --git a/ethosu/vela/npu_performance.py b/ethosu/vela/npu_performance.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..84cc493
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ethosu/vela/npu_performance.py
@@ -0,0 +1,516 @@
+# Copyright (C) 2020 Arm Limited or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the License); you may
+# not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+# www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an AS IS BASIS, WITHOUT
+# WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+
+# Description:
+# NPU performance estimation functions to estimate performance of a Pass and CascadedPass. Uses a model that takes the
+# maximum of the 'cycles required for bandwidth' and 'cycles required for computing'.
+#
+# Called during scheduling to evaluate different proposals, as well as post-scheduling to provide a final performance
+# estimate.
+
+import enum
+from . import numeric_util
+import numpy as np
+from .tensor import TensorPurpose, MemArea, TensorFormat, shape_num_elements, Tensor, TensorBlockTraversal
+from .operation import Operation
+from .data_type import DataType, BaseType
+from .nn_graph import PassPlacement, NpuBlockType, SchedulerRewrite, Pass
+from .architecture_features import Block, Kernel
+
+
+def rolling_buffer_dims_from_passes(arch, ps1, block_config_ps1, ps2, block_config_ps2):
+    ps2_strides = (1, 1, 1, 1)
+    ps2_dilation = (1, 1, 1, 1)
+    for op in ps2.ops:
+        if "strides" in op.attrs:
+            ps2_strides = op.attrs["strides"]
+        if "dilation" in op.attrs:
+            ps2_dilation = op.attrs["dilation"]
+
+    ifm_idx, _, weight_idx, _, _ = op.get_ifm_ifm2_weight_bias_ofm_indices()
+
+    rolling_buffer_sizes = []
+
+    weight_tensor = op.inputs[weight_idx]
+
+    ofm_block = Block(block_config_ps2[-3], block_config_ps2[-4], block_config_ps2[-1])
+    kernel = Kernel(
+        weight_tensor.shape[1], weight_tensor.shape[0], ps2_strides[2], ps2_strides[1], ps2_dilation[2], ps2_dilation[1]
+    )
+    kernel_block = Block(weight_tensor.shape[1], weight_tensor.shape[0], 65536)
+
+    if ps2.npu_block_type in set((NpuBlockType.ConvolutionMxN, NpuBlockType.VectorProduct)):
+        ifm_block_depth = arch.calc_ifm_block_depth(
+            op.inputs[ifm_idx].shape[-1], op.inputs[ifm_idx].dtype.size_in_bits()
+        )
+    else:
+        ifm_block_depth = block_config_ps2[-1]
+
+    ifm_block = arch.get_ifm_block_size(ifm_block_depth, ofm_block, kernel, kernel_block)
+
+    # The performed height calculation is for worst case
+    height = numeric_util.round_up(ifm_block.height + block_config_ps1[0], block_config_ps1[0])
+    width = ifm_block.width
+
+    rolling_buffer_sizes.append(height)
+    rolling_buffer_sizes.append(width)
+
+    return rolling_buffer_sizes
+
+
+class PassCycles(enum.IntEnum):
+    Dpu = 0
+    ElementWise = 1
+    Cpu = 2
+    SramAccess = 3
+    TotalPerPass = 4
+    DramAccess = 5
+    OnChipFlashAccess = 6
+    OffChipFlashAccess = 7
+    Total = 8
+    Size = 9
+
+    def display_name(self):
+        return (
+            "DPU",
+            "Element wise",
+            "CPU",
+            "SRAM Access",
+            "Total per Pass",
+            "DRAM Access",
+            "On-chip Flash Access",
+            "Off-chip Flash Access",
+            "Total",
+            "Size",
+        )[self.value]
+
+    def identifier_name(self):
+        return (
+            "dpu",
+            "element_wise",
+            "cpu",
+            "sram_access",
+            "total_per_pass",
+            "dram_access",
+            "on_chip_flash_access",
+            "off_chip_flash_access",
+            "total",
+            "size",
+        )[self.value]
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def all():
+        return (
+            PassCycles.Dpu,
+            PassCycles.ElementWise,
+            PassCycles.Cpu,
+            PassCycles.SramAccess,
+            PassCycles.DramAccess,
+            PassCycles.OnChipFlashAccess,
+            PassCycles.OffChipFlashAccess,
+            PassCycles.Total,
+        )
+
+
+class MacCount(enum.IntEnum):
+    NeuralNetworkMacs = 0
+    HardwareMacs = 1
+    Size = 2
+
+    def display_name(self):
+        return ("Neural Network Macs", "Hardware Macs", "Size")[self.value]
+
+    def identifier_name(self):
+        return ("nn_macs", "hardware_macs", "size")[self.value]
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def all():
+        return (MacCount.NeuralNetworkMacs, MacCount.HardwareMacs)
+
+
+class BandwidthDirection(enum.IntEnum):
+    Read = 0
+    Write = 1
+    Size = 2
+
+    def display_name(self):
+        return self.name
+
+    def identifier_name(self):
+        return self.name.lower()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def all():
+        return (BandwidthDirection.Read, BandwidthDirection.Write)
+
+
+def make_bandwidth_array():
+    return np.zeros((MemArea.Size, TensorPurpose.Size, BandwidthDirection.Size))
+
+
+def make_macs_array():
+    return np.zeros(MacCount.Size, np.int)
+
+
+def make_cycles_array():
+    return np.zeros(PassCycles.Size)
+
+
+def make_metrics_arrays():
+    return (make_bandwidth_array(), make_macs_array(), make_cycles_array())
+
+
+def get_n_blocks_and_area(
+    ifm_brick_size, ifm_height_width, orig_skirt, clamped_skirt, block_config, min_block_size, strides
+):
+
+    ifm_block_config = (block_config[0] * strides[1], block_config[1] * strides[2])
+
+    n_normal_blocks = []
+    remainder_size = []
+    for i in range(2):
+        non_skirt_dim = ifm_height_width[i] - orig_skirt[i] - orig_skirt[2 + i]
+        n_blocks = non_skirt_dim // ifm_block_config[i]
+        n_normal_blocks.append(n_blocks)
+        remainder_dim = numeric_util.round_up(
+            ((non_skirt_dim - n_blocks * ifm_block_config[i] - 1) // strides[i + 1]) + 1, min_block_size[i]
+        )
+        remainder_size.append(remainder_dim)
+
+    # this will actually calculate reads into the edge padding.
+
+    # there are four cases in total, handling the edges that will not fill a complete block.
+
+    # 0000000001
+    # 0000000001
+    # 0000000001
+    # 0000000001
+    # 0000000001
+    # 0000000001
+    # 2222222223
+    total_blocks = 0
+    total_area = 0
+
+    block_setup = (
+        (n_normal_blocks[0] * n_normal_blocks[1], block_config),
+        (1 * n_normal_blocks[1], (remainder_size[0], block_config[1])),
+        (n_normal_blocks[0] * 1, (block_config[0], remainder_size[1])),
+        (1 * 1, remainder_size),
+    )
+
+    for n_blocks, block_size in block_setup:
+        if block_size[0] == 0 or block_size[1] == 0:
+            continue
+        read_dims = [0, 0]
+        for i in range(2):
+            read_dims[i] = (
+                numeric_util.round_up(clamped_skirt[i], ifm_brick_size[i + 1])
+                + block_size[i] * strides[i + 1]
+                + numeric_util.round_up(clamped_skirt[2 + i], ifm_brick_size[i + 1])
+            )
+        assert n_blocks >= 0
+        total_blocks += n_blocks
+        total_area += n_blocks * read_dims[0] * read_dims[1]
+    assert total_blocks >= 1
+    return total_blocks, total_area, block_setup
+
+
+def performance_metrics_for_pass(arch, ps, block_config=None, rewrite_list=[], force_outputs_to_fast_storage=False):
+    if block_config is None:
+        block_config = ps.block_config
+    bws = make_bandwidth_array()
+    macs = make_macs_array()
+    cycles = make_cycles_array()
+    blocks = 0
+    ifm_read_multiple = 1
+    weight_read_multiple = 0
+
+    if ps.placement in set((PassPlacement.MemoryOnly, PassPlacement.StartupInit)):
+        return bws, macs, cycles, blocks, ifm_read_multiple, weight_read_multiple  # nothing real happening in this pass
+
+    min_block_size = arch.min_block_sizes[ps.npu_block_type]
+
+    skirt = (0, 0, 0, 0)
+    explicit_padding = (0, 0, 0, 0)
+    primary_op = ps.primary_op
+    replacement_read_bws = {}
+    if primary_op:
+        skirt = primary_op.attrs.get("skirt", skirt)
+        explicit_padding = primary_op.attrs.get("explicit_padding", explicit_padding)
+        assert primary_op.attrs["npu_block_type"] == ps.npu_block_type
+        npu_block_type = primary_op.attrs["npu_block_type"]
+
+        ifm_tensor, _, weight_tensor, ofm_tensor = ps.get_primary_op_ifm_ifm2_weights_ofm()
+
+        npu_convolution_ops = set((NpuBlockType.ConvolutionMxN, NpuBlockType.ConvolutionDepthWise))
+        if (npu_block_type == NpuBlockType.Pooling and len(ifm_tensor.shape) == 4) or (
+            npu_block_type in npu_convolution_ops
+        ):
+
+            batch_size = ifm_tensor.shape[0]
+            ifm_tensor_shape = list(ifm_tensor.shape)
+            ifm_depth = ifm_tensor.bandwidth_shape[3]
+
+            # add in padding
+            ifm_tensor_shape[1] += explicit_padding[0] + explicit_padding[2]  # height += top and bottom
+            ifm_tensor_shape[2] += explicit_padding[1] + explicit_padding[3]  # width  += left and right
+
+            strides = primary_op.attrs["strides"]
+            if npu_block_type != NpuBlockType.Pooling:
+                weight_tensor_shape = weight_tensor.shape
+                weight_tensor_bandwidth_shape = weight_tensor.bandwidth_shape
+                weight_tensor_element_size = weight_tensor.element_size()
+                weight_tensor_bandwidth_compression_scale = weight_tensor.bandwidth_compression_scale
+                nn_ops = (
+                    int(ofm_tensor.shape[0])
+                    * int(ofm_tensor.shape[1])
+                    * int(ofm_tensor.shape[2])
+                    * int(weight_tensor_shape[0])
+                    * int(weight_tensor_shape[1])
+                    * int(weight_tensor_shape[2])
+                    * int(weight_tensor_shape[3])
+                    / int(strides[1])
+                    / int(strides[2])
+                )
+            else:
+                weight_tensor_shape = [
+                    primary_op.attrs["ksize"][1],
+                    primary_op.attrs["ksize"][2],
+                    1,
+                    ifm_tensor_shape[3],
+                ]
+                weight_tensor_bandwidth_shape = weight_tensor_shape
+                weight_tensor_element_size = 0
+                weight_tensor_bandwidth_compression_scale = 0.0
+                nn_ops = 0  # pooling doesn't count as NN ops
+
+            kernel_dims = weight_tensor_shape[:2]
+
+            sub_kernel_limits = arch.sub_kernel_limits[npu_block_type]
+            # count the sub kernels; the IFM block needs to be refetched for each of them
+            n_sub_kernels_y = numeric_util.round_up_divide(kernel_dims[0], sub_kernel_limits[0])
+            n_sub_kernels_x = numeric_util.round_up_divide(kernel_dims[1], sub_kernel_limits[1])
+            n_sub_kernels = n_sub_kernels_y * n_sub_kernels_x
+
+            clamped_skirt = list(skirt)
+            clamped_skirt[2] = min(clamped_skirt[2], sub_kernel_limits[0] - 1 - clamped_skirt[0])
+            clamped_skirt[3] = min(clamped_skirt[3], sub_kernel_limits[1] - 1 - clamped_skirt[1])
+            n_blocks, area, block_setup = get_n_blocks_and_area(
+                ifm_tensor.brick_size,
+                ifm_tensor_shape[1:3],
+                skirt,
+                clamped_skirt,
+                block_config,
+                min_block_size,
+                strides,
+            )
+
+            blocks = n_blocks * numeric_util.round_up_divide(weight_tensor_shape[3], block_config[3])
+
+            n_weight_stages = numeric_util.round_up_divide(weight_tensor_bandwidth_shape[3], block_config[3])
+            if npu_block_type == NpuBlockType.ConvolutionDepthWise or npu_block_type == NpuBlockType.Pooling:
+                n_weight_stages = 1  # force to no reread
+
+            ifm_tensor_bw = (
+                n_sub_kernels
+                * batch_size
+                * area
+                * ifm_depth
+                * n_weight_stages
+                * ifm_tensor.element_size()
+                * ifm_tensor.bandwidth_compression_scale
+            )
+            replacement_read_bws[ifm_tensor] = ifm_tensor_bw
+            ifm_read_multiple = n_weight_stages
+
+            replacement_read_bws[weight_tensor] = (
+                batch_size
+                * shape_num_elements(weight_tensor_bandwidth_shape)
+                * weight_tensor_element_size
+                * weight_tensor_bandwidth_compression_scale
+                * n_blocks
+            )  # read once per block and batch
+            weight_read_multiple = n_blocks
+
+            n_kernel_xy = kernel_dims[0] * kernel_dims[1]
+            n_input_channels_at_a_time = block_config[2]
+
+            if npu_block_type == NpuBlockType.Pooling or weight_tensor.block_traversal in set(
+                (TensorBlockTraversal.PartKernelFirst, TensorBlockTraversal.DepthWise)
+            ):
+                n_input_channels_at_a_time = numeric_util.round_up_divide(n_input_channels_at_a_time, 4)
+                n_kernel_xy = max(
+                    n_kernel_xy, 4
+                )  # need at least 4, as this is the minimum duty cycle for secondary accumulator writes
+                if weight_tensor is not None:
+                    n_kernel_xy = numeric_util.round_up(
+                        n_kernel_xy, 4
+                    )  # weights need to be read in blocks of 4
+
+            num_mac_ops = 0
+            for n_blocks_for_size, block_size in block_setup:
+                num_mac_ops += (
+                    batch_size
+                    * n_blocks_for_size
+                    * block_size[0]
+                    * block_size[1]
+                    * numeric_util.round_up(weight_tensor_shape[2], n_input_channels_at_a_time)
+                    * numeric_util.round_up(weight_tensor_shape[3], block_config[3])
+                    * n_kernel_xy
+                )
+
+            if npu_block_type == NpuBlockType.Pooling:
+                # TODO: improve pooling estimation
+                cycles[PassCycles.Dpu] = num_mac_ops / arch.num_macs_per_cycle / 2
+            else:
+                cycles[PassCycles.Dpu] = num_mac_ops / arch.num_macs_per_cycle
+            macs[MacCount.NeuralNetworkMacs] += nn_ops
+            macs[MacCount.HardwareMacs] += num_mac_ops
+
+        elif npu_block_type == NpuBlockType.VectorProduct:
+            nn_macs = (
+                ifm_tensor.shape[0]
+                * numeric_util.round_up(weight_tensor.shape[-2], block_config[2])
+                * numeric_util.round_up(weight_tensor.shape[-1], block_config[3])
+            )
+            num_mac_ops = nn_macs
+
+            cycles[PassCycles.Dpu] = num_mac_ops / arch.num_macs_per_cycle
+            macs[MacCount.NeuralNetworkMacs] += nn_macs
+            macs[MacCount.HardwareMacs] += num_mac_ops
+
+            blocks = 1 * numeric_util.round_up_divide(weight_tensor.shape[-1], block_config[3])
+
+            non_zero_fraction = 1.0
+            if ifm_tensor.values is not None:
+                nz_vector = np.amax(ifm_tensor.values != 0, axis=0)  # max across batch axis
+                non_zero_fraction = np.average(nz_vector)
+
+            replacement_read_bws[ifm_tensor] = ifm_tensor.bandwidth()
+            replacement_read_bws[weight_tensor] = weight_tensor.bandwidth() * non_zero_fraction
+            ifm_read_multiple = 1
+            weight_read_multiple = non_zero_fraction
+    else:
+        if ps.placement == PassPlacement.Npu and len(ps.outputs):
+            # Assume element-wise operation going through the element pipelines.
+            # Work out how many elements we have and calculate performance.
+            out = ps.outputs[0]
+            elms = out.elements()
+
+            cycles[PassCycles.ElementWise] = numeric_util.round_up_divide(elms, arch.num_elem_wise_units)
+
+    if ps.placement == PassPlacement.Cpu:
+        cycles[PassCycles.Cpu] = arch.cpu_cycle_estimate(ps.ops[0])
+
+    # apply the desired rewrites
+    for rewrite_op, tens, _, _, _, ps_to_rewrite in rewrite_list:
+        if ps != ps_to_rewrite:
+            continue
+        if rewrite_op == SchedulerRewrite.Nop:
+            pass  # these are fine, no bandwidth changes
+        elif rewrite_op in (SchedulerRewrite.ChangeTensorSubPurpose,):
+            bws[arch.fast_storage_mem_area][tens.purpose][BandwidthDirection.Read] += replacement_read_bws[tens]
+            replacement_read_bws[tens] = 0
+
+    for tens in ps.outputs:
+        if force_outputs_to_fast_storage:
+            bws[arch.fast_storage_mem_area][tens.purpose][BandwidthDirection.Write] += tens.bandwidth()
+        else:
+            bws[tens.mem_area][tens.purpose][BandwidthDirection.Write] += tens.bandwidth()
+
+    for tens in ps.intermediates:
+        bws[tens.mem_area][tens.purpose][BandwidthDirection.Write] += tens.bandwidth()
+
+        if tens in replacement_read_bws:
+            bw = replacement_read_bws[tens]
+        else:
+            bw = tens.bandwidth()
+
+        bws[tens.mem_area][tens.purpose][BandwidthDirection.Read] += bw
+
+    for tens in ps.inputs:
+        if tens in replacement_read_bws:
+            bw = replacement_read_bws[tens]
+        else:
+            bw = tens.bandwidth()
+
+        bws[tens.mem_area][tens.purpose][BandwidthDirection.Read] += bw
+
+    cycles[PassCycles.SramAccess] = np.sum(bws[MemArea.Sram]) / arch.memory_bandwidths_per_cycle[MemArea.Sram]
+    cycles[PassCycles.TotalPerPass] = np.max(cycles[: PassCycles.TotalPerPass])
+
+    # quick build access counts for only current pass, even though these aren't the final numbers
+    update_summary_cycles(arch, bws, macs, cycles)
+
+    return bws, macs, cycles, blocks, ifm_read_multiple, weight_read_multiple
+
+
+def update_summary_cycles(arch, bws, macs, cycles):
+    cycles[PassCycles.DramAccess] = np.sum(bws[MemArea.Dram]) / arch.memory_bandwidths_per_cycle[MemArea.Dram]
+    cycles[PassCycles.OnChipFlashAccess] = (
+        np.sum(bws[MemArea.OnChipFlash]) / arch.memory_bandwidths_per_cycle[MemArea.OnChipFlash]
+    )
+    cycles[PassCycles.OffChipFlashAccess] = (
+        np.sum(bws[MemArea.OffChipFlash]) / arch.memory_bandwidths_per_cycle[MemArea.OffChipFlash]
+    )
+
+    cycles[PassCycles.Total] = np.max(cycles[: PassCycles.Total])
+    return cycles
+
+
+def collate_stats_for_cascaded_pass(arch, bws, macs, cycles):
+    return bws, macs, cycles
+
+
+def performance_for_cascaded_pass(arch, cps):
+    total_bws = make_bandwidth_array()
+    total_macs = make_macs_array()
+    total_cycles = make_cycles_array()
+
+    for ps in cps.passes:
+        bws, macs, cycles, blocks, _, _ = performance_metrics_for_pass(arch, ps)
+        ps.bandwidths = bws
+        ps.macs = macs
+        ps.cycles = cycles
+        ps.n_blocks = blocks
+        total_bws += bws
+        total_macs += macs
+        total_cycles += cycles
+
+    bws, macs, cycles = collate_stats_for_cascaded_pass(arch, total_bws, total_macs, total_cycles)
+    cps.bandwidths = bws
+    cps.macs = macs
+    cps.cycles = cycles
+    return bws, macs, cycles
+
+
+def calc_performance_for_network(nng, arch):
+    total_bws = make_bandwidth_array()
+    total_macs = np.zeros(MacCount.Size)
+    total_cycles = np.zeros(PassCycles.Size)
+
+    for sg in nng.subgraphs:
+        for cps in sg.cascaded_passes:
+            bws, macs, cycles = performance_for_cascaded_pass(arch, cps)
+            total_bws += bws
+            total_macs += macs
+            total_cycles += cycles
+            total_cycles += arch.inter_pass_cycle_delay
+
+    nng.bandwidths = total_bws
+    nng.macs = total_macs
+    nng.cycles = total_cycles